As a partner in the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the Department of Defense HIV/AIDS Prevention Program (DHAPP) assists countries in establishing HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment programs or strengthening their capabilities to combat HIV. Targeted prevention efforts are important for young men and women serving in national militaries, who often report high rates of risky sexual behaviors and low condom use. RTI supported the military population of the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF) in a HIV Behavioral and Seroprevalence survey with the following objectives: (1) provide technical assistance and training for the design and implementation of an HIV seroprevalence and behavioral risk surveillance study within RSLAF, (2) assist DHAPP with the adaptation of an HIV behavioral risk surveillance questionnaire appropriate for RSLAF, (3) develop data collection and management tools, (4) provide technical assistance to support the procurement of data collection supplies and the logistics necessary for field implementation, and (5) facilitate the dissemination of findings to inform RSLAF policy for improving prevention, care, and treatment. Essentially, behavioral and serological surveillance is important to determine the burden of the problem and to implement targeted prevention programs and clinical services.